In modern society, we often mention the word “science”, but what is science?The author made the following induction and summary.
From the perspective of rhetoric, the “science” of Chinese has the following meanings.
(1) Imperial examinations.
(2) Subject knowledge system reflecting objective laws such as nature, society, thinking.
(3) Special refers to natural science.
(4) Science and reasonable.
Science includes natural, social, thinking and other fields, such as physics, biology, and sociology.It covers the above three meanings.
(1) Observation: dedicated to revealing the truth of nature, and fully observing or studying natural reasons (including ideological experiments), usually refers to the necessary methods, or scientific methods -a set to evaluate experience and knowledgeThe method of procedure.
(2) Suppose: The systemicity of organizational system knowledge is assumed through this process.
(3) Test: To verify the credibility and validity of the research goals.
Scientific knowledge refers to the knowledge or knowledge system that covers the operation of general truth or universal laws, especially those who have been obtained or verified through scientific methods.Scientific knowledge is extremely dependent on logical reasoning.
From the Tang Dynasty in China to modern times, “science” was a slightly language of “imperial examinations”. Although it occasionally appeared in Chinese classics, most of them refer to “imperial examinations”.The earliest use of the term “science” seemed to be traceable to Luo Luo in the late Tang Dynasty.
In China, sciences are generally divided into natural sciences (or science) and social sciences (or liberal arts).The concepts such as psychology, philosophy (different from science) are considered to be unclear and blurred in the concepts of Chinese science, social sciences.Therefore, the term “science” is often used vaguely.Engineering disciplines are called engineering, science and engineering are called science and engineering, and liberal arts and sciences are also collectively referred to as liberal arts and sciences.
From the perspective of accurate, verifiable, and can achieve generally recognized, the term “science” refers to natural science.The broad science also includes science and technology and sociology.According to the modern Chinese dictionary (Dictionary Editorial Room of the Institute of Language of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 1978), “science” was explained as: the knowledge system of the subjective laws that reflect the objective and laws of nature, society, and thinking.)of.
Furthermore, the term “science” itself is not sacred. Since ancient times, China has no term “science”. In ancient China, there were only words such as “gogt to know” similar to “science”.The term “science” is a new word created after Western culture was introduced in China after the revival of Western Renaissance in modern times. The famous Japanese scientific enlightenment master Fuze Yuji translated “Science” as “science”.By 1893, Kang Youwei introduced and used the word “science”.Yan Fu also used the word “science” when translating scientific works such as “Theory of Heaven”.Since then, the word “science” has been widely used in China.
Finally, from the perspective of scientific philosophy, science has the following five layers of meaning:
(1) Knowledge about systematic and transforming nature.
(2) A tool.
(3) A ideological system.
(4) A social system.
(5) A thinking system.
Although the definition of “science” is very detailed, we find that we still cannot judge what is science?What is the truth?What is pseudo -science?Just like astrology and linguistics, these disciplines with paradox are scientific. Do people take time on these things?This problem has troubled scientists and philosophers for a long time, and there is no absolute correct answer to now.In order to guide science to take less detours in development, in order to make scientific research not be wasted in meaningless things, many philosophers have given a variety of insights on what science, and Poper’s scientific and technological philosophy is also surrounded by this.The problem is unfolding.
1. What can be empirical is science
August Confede is a well -known philosopher in France, the founder of sociology, and empiricalism.In January 1798, Kong De was born in a middle -level official family in Montpellier, and he officially proposed the name “sociology” in his works and established the framework and concept of sociology.Throughout the 19th century, there were only a handful of French sociologists, but as the founder of empiricalism, the father of sociology, August Confed, deserved.The empirical doctrine he founded is one of the important signs that Western philosophy shifted from modern times to modern times.
The great philosopher strongly admires the inductive law of Bacon. He believes that induction is the only way for humans to get knowledge and development science.With the accumulation of human activity experience, we have such a rich scientific system.The method of verifying science is the only criterion for testing truth.And “empirical” refers to verification with actual operation.
Empiricalism is also called empirical theory. The psychological argument is that the facts must be observed or sensible to understand the objective environment and external things everyone lives.Although the education received by everyone is different, they are not much different from the principles of verification of sensory experience.
Kong De pointed out that humans must obtain knowledge from different situations through learning.Through direct or indirect feelings, reasoning, or recognition of experience, and further inferring the knowledge that has not been experienced in the learning process.Beyond experience or knowledge that can be observed through experience is not true knowledge.
Second, what is useful is scientific
It is a famous saying of American philosophy and the real founder of the American philosophy and the real founder of pragmatism. For the scientific view, the explanation given by the philosophy master is very direct and subjective, which is useful.The useless is pseudo -science. But James has two completely different standards for the judgment of the truth: epistemology and value standards.For the same question, there are often different answers from two standards.
For human subjects, everything in the world can be divided into two types: the category and value category.The basic understanding of human beings is the facts of facts and value, that is, all human understanding is composed of these two basic understanding and their composite forms.
3. Science or unscientific?
Here is quoting Wittgenstein’s language philosophy view. He believes that science and non -science are just a definition in linguistics. The differences in the production of “science” and “pseudo -science” are caused by inaccurate language definition, and the language school has one itemThe important work and concept is to use a true scientific language to eliminate the ambiguity in these languages, reduce unnecessary trouble and disputes in the philosophy field, and optimize the scientific thinking method.But it is regrettable that this idea ended with failure.
4. “Those who can be falsified are science”
The phrase “that can be faked is scientific.” The phrase sounded very lipstick and abstract, but it contained the core content of Popper’s thoughts.In the field of scientific philosophy, Poper’s falsification is higher than other philosophical genres, because Poper uses accurate mathematical methods to calculate the proven pseudo degree of scientific theory.